Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Language was the most remarkable ability of human beings. Numerous neuroimaging studies attempted to investigate its neurophysiological basis. Recent findings of abnormal sulcal patterns in psychiatric syndromes and neurological disorders shed new light on the relationship between language ability and complicated morphology of cerebral cortex. Here we described the studies using sulcal morphometry analysis in cognitive neuroscience of language and outlined some possible research directions for further studies. Combining sulci quantification with multimodal data will contribute to a better understanding of the neural mechanisms of language ability.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Writing and reading are both developed on the basis of written language and share some common neural mechanisms. Writing can affect reading processing due to that reading not only relies on visual processing, but also relies on writing motor representation. Different ways of writing have different effects on reading, i.e., traditional writing promotes reading processing, whilst typing impedes the reading processing to some extent. For Chinese readers, traditional writing promotes reading processing by strengthening orthographic representation, however, the effect of typing on reading processing is still controversial. In the future, we should investigate the different neural mechanisms underlying different writing approaches. More importantly, we should focus on the influence of typing on Chinese character processing.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： How does the human brain automatically process changing emotional information? Based on the theory of mismatch negativity (MMN), which is generated from our auditory system, a new concept named expression mismatch negativity (EMMN) has been developed by researchers. EMMN is regarded as the index of pre-attentive processing. EMMN is primarily responsible for detecting the variation of information that contains emotional details, and this is where it differs from the visual mismatch negativity (vMMN) that accounts for processing common visual information. Current review mainly discusses how EMMN differs in regard to different facial expression, gender, and fluid intelligence. We also focused on EMMN in aberrated populations such as autism, major depression, and schizophrenia. In addition, we sheds light on the mechanism of EMMN through a perspective based on the predictive-coding theory. In addition to further exploring the neural mechanism of EMMN, future studies should focus particularly on the application of EMMN in clinical diagnosis and therapy, as well as pay close attention to the feature of EMMN in different emotional cues.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Background: P-value is the most widely used statistical index for inference in science. A p-value greater than 0.05, i.e., nonsignificant results, however, cannot distinguish the two following cases: the absence of evidence or the evidence of absence. Unfortunately, researchers in psychological science may not be able to interpret p-values correctly, resulting in wrong inference. For example, Aczel et al (2018), after surveying 412 empirical studies published in Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, and Psychological Science, found that about 72% of nonsignificant results were misinterpreted as evidence in favor of the null hypothesis. Misinterpretations of nonsignificant results may lead to severe consequences. One such consequence is missing potentially meaningful effects. Also, in matched-group clinical trials, misinterpretations of nonsignificant results may lead to false “matched” groups, thus threatening the validity of interventions. So far, how nonsignificant results are interpreted in Chinese psychological literature is unknown. Here we surveyed 500 empirical papers published in five mainstream Chinese psychological journals, to address the following questions: (1) how often are nonsignificant results reported; (2) how do researchers interpret nonsignificant results in these published studies; (3) if researchers interpreted nonsignificant as “evidence for absence,” do empirical data provide enough evidence for null effects? Method: Based on our pre-registration (https://osf.io/czx6f), we first randomly selected 500 empirical papers from all papers published in 2017 and 2018 in five mainstream Chinese psychological journals (Acta Psychologica Sinica, Psychological Science, Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, Psychological Development and Education, Psychological and Behavioral Studies). Second, we screened abstracts of these selected articles to check whether they contain negative statements. For those studies which contain negative statements in their abstracts, we searched nonsignificant statistics in their results and checked whether the corresponding interpretations were correct. More specifically, all those statements were classified into four categories (Correct-frequentist, Incorrect-frequentist: whole population, Incorrect-frequentist: current sample, Difficult to judge). Finally, we calculated Bayes factors based on available t values and sample sizes associated with those nonsignificant results. The Bayes factors can help us to estimate to what extent those results provided evidence for the absence of effects (i.e., the way researchers incorrectly interpreted nonsignificant results). Results: Our survey revealed that: (1) out of 500 empirical papers, 36% of their abstracts (n = 180) contained negative statements; (2) there are 236 negative statements associated with nonsignificant statistics in those selected studies, and 41% of these 236 negative statements misinterpreted nonsignificant results, i.e., the authors inferred that the results provided evidence for the absence of effects; (3) Bayes factor analyses based on available t-values and sample sizes found that only 5.1% (n = 2) nonsignificant results could provide strong evidence for the absence of effects (BF01 > 10). Compared with the results from Aczel et al (2019), we found that empirical papers published in Chinese journals contain more negative statements (36% vs. 32%), and researchers made fewer misinterpretations of nonsignificant results (41% vs. 72%). It worth noting, however, that there exists a categorization of ambiguous interpretations of nonsignificant results in the Chinese context. More specifically, many statements corresponding to nonsignificant results were “there is no significant difference between condition A and condition B”. These statements can be understood either as “the difference is not statistically significant”, which is correct, or “there is no difference”, which is incorrect. The percentage of misinterpretations of nonsignificant results raised to 64% if we adopt the second way to understand these statements, in contrast to 41% if we used the first understanding. Conclusion: Our results suggest that Chinese researchers need to improve their understanding of nonsignificant results and use more appropriate statistical methods to extract information from nonsignificant results. Also, more precise wordings should be used in the Chinese context.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Curiosity has a long history of research and rich definitions and classifications as a common mental state and personality trait. The division and coordination of multiple brain regions enable individuals to form a cognitive process of generating and evaluating prediction error, triggering and mediating curiosity, and producing surprise and new prediction error, so as to reduce the prediction error and information gap between internal states and external environment, and eliminate uncertainty. Curiosity has a significant role in improving cognitive function and maintaining mental and physical health during development. Future research can be further considered from a cross-species, interdisciplinary, and multi-domain perspective to promote the deepening of research topics, the development of research methods, and the application of research results in curiosity.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Multiverse-style analysis (e.g., the vibration of effects, multimodel analysis, multiverse analysis, specification curve analysis) proposes to report combinations of multiple analysis strategies during data analysis and to test the robustness of effects between relevant variables in all analytic strategies. The basic principles and applications of the multiverse-style analysis are described, and the operational steps are presented as an example of the relationship between smartphone use and smartphone stress. The strengths and limitations of the method are discussed, as well as future directions. Searching the Web of Science on the topic of multiverse-style analysis (e.g., the vibration of effects), we found that the number of papers rose from 9 in 2015 to 40 in 2021. Multiverse-style analysis is gradually being applied in psychology, behavioral sciences, neuroscience, psychiatry, and other fields. Most of these studies used self-reported data. Some neuroscience and biology-related studies used objective data (e.g. physiological indicators such as brain imaging data). Few studies combined self-reported and objective data. Most studies used cross-sectional designs. A few studies used longitudinal or cohort designs. In addition, multiverse-style analysis is gradually being combined with other psychological methods. For example, some researchers have combined it with mediation analysis to determine the robustness of mechanisms among variables. It has also been used with network analysis to reduce the instability of network centrality. People have combined multiverse-style analysis with meta-analysis to form the “combinational meta-analysis”. Finally, different studies have different preferences in the choice of combinations of analytic strategies. For example, some focus on different measurement approaches (self-report or objective measures), while others focus on different estimation methods or concentrate on the diversity of the datasets. In combining multiverse-style analysis with other methods, researchers usually emphasize the strengths of multiverse-style analysis to compensate for the weaknesses of other methods. Advantages of multiverse-style analysis: (1) It can include multiple data sets, multiple measurement methods and estimation methods, and then perform effect tests. (2) Multiverse-style analysis can be used to resolve controversial issues. Multiverse-style analysis not only has the advantages of meta-analysis but also can be applied to emerging areas where empirical studies are scarce and meta-analysis is not appropriate. Limitations of multiverse-style analysis: (1) As the combination of analysis strategies and sample size increases, it becomes more time consuming to make statistical inferences. (2) The method is still essentially a subjective selection process by the researchers. As such, there may be a potential risk of leading to the problem of "truly arbitrariness". (3) The statistical inference indicators of multiverse-style analysis are not stable. Conflicting results between different statistical indicators may arise. (4) It is difficult for the researcher to report all possible combinations of analytical strategies for an effect based on the available dataset. It is necessary to select the appropriate combination of analytical strategies and build an appropriate dataset based on the available theory and evidence before data analysis. Future directions: (1) Most existing studies demonstrate the robustness of interesting effects by simply describing all outcomes. Future applied research should consider implementing statistical inference. (2) Deepening the integration of multiverse-style analysis with other research methods, e.g. developing different criteria when integrating multiverse-style analysis with different methods. (3) Select stable statistical inference indicators, give more consideration to parameter estimation (e.g., BIC, AIC) and model estimation methods (e.g., Bayes, Monte-Carlo) when constructing combinations of analytic strategies, and include statistical inference in analytical software or software packages. (4) Combining multiple channels to jointly address the reproducibility crisis (e.g. future research could incorporate multiverse-style analysis during data analysis and pre-registration before data collection). (5) Hold a critical sight towards the different outcomes of different combinations of analytical strategies. There may not be a single standard law in the field of human psychology and behavior, which is influenced by multiple factors (e.g. genes, groups, environment, culture, etc.).
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： Helping behaviors are critically important for human social development. However, most moral neuroscience studies have concentrated on immoral and negative behaviors such as killing, murder and harm. The neural mechanism of helpful intention processing in moral judgment is still unclear. Functional MRI studies have demonstrated the involvement of the right temporo-parietal junction (RTPJ) in the attribution of mental states. Previous studies have found that the role of intention processing in harmful moral judgment can be modulated by changing the cortical excitability of RTPJ with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Will the RTPJ play a critical role in the intention processing during moral judgment of helpful behavior? In order to explore the potential causal role of RTPJ in helpful moral judgement, the present study manipulates the cortical excitability of RTPJ with cathodal tDCS. We hypothesize that inhibiting the neural activity of RTPJ with cathodal tDCS could influence the role of intention processing in helpful moral judgment. To test the hypothesis, 18 healthy right-handed adults participated in this study. All participants underwent both cathodal and sham tDCS sessions in random order. Participants were counter-balanced in 2 separate days with a 1 week interval between both stimulations. To assure the target cortex to be activated completely, a relatively weak current (1.5 mA) was constantly delivered over the RTPJ for 20 min. For the sham tDCS, the stimulation only lasted for 15 sec. After stimulation, participants read stories in a 2 (intention: positive vs. neutral) × 2 (outcome: positive vs. neutral) design and were asked to make moral judgment about how much praise the actor deserves. We analyzed the praise score and reaction time by a 2 (intention) × 2 (outcome) × 2 (tDCS: cathodal, sham) repeated measures ANOVA. Results showed that actors with positive intentions were judged more praiseworthy than those with neutral intentions, and actors producing positive outcomes were judged more praiseworthy than those causing neutral outcomes. However, there was no significant interaction between intention and outcome. For the reaction time, judgments of positive intentions were faster than that of neutral intentions. The responses to positive outcomes were faster than neutral outcomes. Most importantly, the moral judgments were faster under cathodal tDCS than sham tDCS stimulation, especially under the positive intention condition rather than the neutral intention condition. The present study assessed the potential effect of the tDCS on helpful intention processing in moral judgment. Our findings indicate that the response times of moral judgment in the positive intention condition were shorten after receiving the cathodal stimulation, suggesting that altering the cortical excitability in the RTPJ could influence human’s socio-cognitive ability. These results demonstrate the critical role of RTPJ in intention processing during helpful moral judgment, which provides us a better understanding about the role of RTPJ in moral judgment and helping behaviors.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： The Model of Multiple Identity Tracking (MOMIT) proposed by Oksama and Hyönä (2008) models observers’ tracking performance among multiple unique moving items. The model provides a functional explanation for the process for how the “what” and “where” information work together in a dynamic visual environment. However, two main issues in MOMIT are still unclear. First, though MOMIT supposes that the “what” and “where” information can be analyzed separately by the identity processing system and location processing system in the early stage, it is unclear whether these two processing systems share the same attentional resources. Second, MOMIT posits that the what-where bindings are stored in the temporary episodic buffer, but there is no direct evidence of this. Exploring these two issues may help us understand the cognitive mechanism of multiple identity tracking (MIT) better and improve the MOMIT. In this study, we used a variant of the MIT paradigm in which we interfered with the what-where binding by making the objects switch identities during tracking. In Experiment 1, we designated three identity-switch conditions: identity switch within the set of targets, identity switch within the set of distractors, and identity switch within all objects. And in the baseline condition the objects’ identities did not change throughout tracking. Given the limitation of the whole report method, Experiment 2 then tested the hypothesis again using the partial report method. The numbers of 0-9 were used as the objects’ identities in both experiments. The results of Experiment 1 showed that identity switching impaired both location tracking and identity recognition. Specifically, the location tracking and identity recognition was impaired the most in the condition where identities switch for all objects, followed by the condition in which the identities of the targets switched, and then the condition in which the identities of the distractors switched, which was not significantly different from the baseline condition. In addition, this declining trend was the same when participants had to track 4 targets and 5 targets. In other words, the increase of tracking load diminished people’s capacity to track location and identity recognition. The results of Experiment 2 showed the same effect due of interfering with what-where bindings. We also found that the partial report method revealed more data than the whole report method. Finally, in Experiment 3, we completely randomized pronunciations of the letters A-Z in the auditory channel in order to eliminate the interference of phonetic rehearsal. The results were the same as in Experiment 1. That is, the phonetic rehearsal did not affect the effects of identity-location binding. Overall, the results provide deeper understanding of MIT and improve the MOMIT through direct behavioral evidence. (1) The results reveal that the location processing system and identity processing system share a common attention resource pool, and the utilization of “where” information in the visual system seems to take precedence over “what” information. (2) The impairment of what-where binding will damage the tracking performance of MIT. (3) People mainly use attentional resources to enhance visual resolution towards targets (target-oriented) in MIT, rather than processing distractors. (4) The whole report method is less sensitive than the partial report method and may underestimate the capacity of visual working memory. (5) Even after controlling for phonetic rehearsal, people still experience interference from identity-location binding when they are tracking multiple moving objects.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： The three dimensions of teacher’s job burnout, emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment, are relatively independent but also have mutual influence. Research into their developmental relationship is helpful to understand the developmental process of job burnout and identify the early symptoms of job burnout. 3837 primary school teachers took part in this two-wave longitudinal study with interval for three years. We conducted structural equation model (SEM) to compare five representative developmental models, basic model and full model, while using cross-lagged panel network model (CLPN) to highlight pathways among three dimensions and to reveal pathways among the constituting variables within each dimension. In the cross-lagged panel network model, the relations among individual items were modeled both within and across time point. Results of SEM showed that when considering the effect size r > 0.1, the optimal development model for primary school teachers’ job burnout dimensions was “T1 emotional exhaustion and reduced personal accomplishment separately predicted T2 emotional exhaustion and reduced personal accomplishment, T1 depersonalization predicted T2 depersonalization and T2 reduced personal accomplishment”. Results of CLPN showed that the center of the network was an important outcome “experiencing positive impact and value at work” (item 3 of reduced personal accomplishment) and an important predictor “not caring what students think” (item 4 of depersonalization). The strongest pathways in the network were the effect of “experiencing positive impact and value at work” (item 3 of reduced personal accomplishment) on “not caring what students think” (item 4 of depersonalization) and the effect of “insomnia and headache caused by work” (item 8 of emotional exhaustion) on “exhaustion and depression” (item 2 of emotional exhaustion). While the former belonged to the vertical process between depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment, the latter belonged to the vertical process within emotional exhaustion. The direct impacts of emotional exhaustion on depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment on emotional exhaustion existed but the strengths were obvious weaker than the pathways above. The results supported the optimal development model. Both SEM and CLPN results indicate that depersonalization plays an important role in teacher burnout. One suggestion is to include the evaluations of teachers’ relationships with students, colleagues and leaders to identify the depersonalization symptoms in time, which may effectively prevent the further development of teacher burnout.
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2023-01-29
Abstract：
The rapid and global expansion of the Internet has significantly changed the way psychologists conduct research and revolutionized the field of psychology. Traditionally, researchers invite subjects to the lab and run experiment on specialized equipment. Now researchers can test online subjects from anywhere and accumulate data through the internet any time. The outbreak of COVID-19 further manifests the advantages of web-based research over traditional lab-based approach and demonstrate great promises. In this article, we discussed the past, present and future of online research in psychology. We provided a comprehensive overview of the literature and explored on how to systematically promote and develop this field in China. We firstly introduced the definition and scope of online research, considering four broad domains of research (e.g., web-based survey/experiments, big data methods, real-time interactive games, and mobile experience sampling). The pros and cons of each research domain was outlined and summarized. Next, we reviewed the history of internet research by highlighting key milestones from computer sciences and psychological sciences in the past 50 years and envision the future from both sides. We summarized the methodological issues when conducting research via online and suggested best practical recommendations collected from the literature. Although online psychological research comes with technical challenges, the opportunities far outweigh the costs. Every subfield in psychology has now begun to leverage online approach and many traditional lab-based paradigms have been adapted to the online version, so it is becoming a fundamental part of psychological research. We provided abundant empirical evidence supporting its reliability and suggested that the online data quality can be as precise and robust as traditional lab experiments. In addition to its methodological advantages, we particularly elaborated the conceptual advantages of internet research. It has profound benefits on open science, citizen science, and big team science and can be used to address replication crisis, generalization crisis, ecological validity problem, and WEIRD problem. In the second part of this paper, we focused on the online research community in China and discussed its future development. We pointed out its undeveloped status in China by surveying the scarcity of online studies published, and online research tools and platforms developed by Chinese researchers. By analyzing different factors that could impede the spread and development of online research in China, we offered a couple of suggestions and solutions. We advocate that Chinese psychologist should warmly embrace online research by actively learning the latest literature and technology and seize the opportunities for better science, education, and clinical use. Benefits of doing so became increasing apparent, including the improved efficiency and accuracy of data collection, the ability to target massive and diverse Chinese participants (both healthy and clinical populations), implementation of both data-driven and hypothesis-driven research, the opportunity to address imbalanced teaching and research resource across universities and provinces, and ultimately increase the impact of psychological research on society and common people. To achieve this goal, we proposed a public digital infrastructure framework for online research in China. It will serve as a multifunctional ecosystem for participant recruitment (via shared pool crowdsourcing), online tool development (mobile app, smart wearable device), open science practices (data sharing, code and stimuli database), scientists forum (collaboration and Q&A), digital mental health services and popular science on psychology (videos, articles, wiki). The entire idea has now been implemented in NaoDao website (www.naodao.com), an online empirical research platform with a strong emphasis on sharing, transparency, and usability. Finally, we highlight novel methods, emerging trends and new research directions for future studies.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2018-12-04 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract：书写和阅读是在文字的基础上发展起来的, 二者存在共享的神经网络。书写能影响阅读, 阅读不仅依靠视觉加工, 还依赖书写运动表征。不同书写方式对阅读的影响不同, 传统书写对阅读有促进作用, 电脑打字对阅读产生了一定的消极影响。对汉字来说, 传统书写能加强汉字的正字法表征, 促进汉字阅读; 电脑打字对汉字阅读的影响尚无一致结论。未来研究可以考察传统书写与电脑打字神经机制的差异, 以及电脑打字对汉字认知加工的影响及神经机制。
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2018-09-07 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： 通过改变目标数量、运动框架突变旋转角度探究不同场认知风格被试在多目标追踪任务中的表现。结果发现：(1)在任务难度较低(运动参考框架稳定，目标数量为3和4)和任务难度中等(运动参考框架突变向右旋转20°，目标数量为4)条件下，场独立型被试的多目标追踪表现均显著高于场依存型被试。在任务难度较高(运动框架稳定，目标数量为5以及运动参考框架突变向右旋转40°，目标数量为4)条件下，两组被试差异不显著。表明不同场认知风格被试追踪表现受任务难度影响；(2)随着目标数量由3至5增多，追踪负荷增大使被试的追踪成绩显著下降；(3)相比运动框架稳定，运动框架向右突变旋转20°和40°均显著削弱了被试的追踪表现。旋转角度变化破坏了场景连续性，影响了追踪表现。
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2018-09-07 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： 本研究旨在探讨运动信息对多目标追踪的影响, 具体为考察多目标追踪中是否存在基于运动信息的分组效应, 以及不同类型表面特征(颜色和形状)对这一效应的影响。实验1发现多目标追踪中存在基于运动信息的分组效应, 并且这一分组效应是自动化的。实验2和实验3分别在不同颜色和不同形状组合条件下考察了基于运动信息的分组效应的稳定性, 结果都表明不同表面特征的组合不会干扰基于运动信息的分组效应的形成, 但其效应量都因表面特征的出现而缩减。整体而言, 多目标追踪中存在基于运动信息的自动化分组效应, 并且这一效应是格式塔法则中共同命运律的具体表现, 能稳定存在于不同表面特征组合之间。
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